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Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada...

M. D. Subash Chandran Madhav Gadgil

 Appendix - III

Note: This list of birds is by no means complete, as year-round observation has not been carried out. Thanks are due to Dr Ranjit Daniels for the valuable help rendered in compiling the information on birds.

Alexander, P.C., 1949. ‘Buddhism in Kerala’. Annamalai University Historical Series, No. 8

Altieri, M.A. and K. Anderson, 1986. ‘An Ecological Basis for the Development of Alternative Agricultural Systems for Small Farmers in the Third World’. American Journal for Alternative Agriculture, Vol. 1, No.1, Institute for Alternative Agriculture

Alur, K.R., 1971. ‘Animal remains’. in M.S. Nagaraja Rao, ed., Protohistoric Cultures of the Tungabhadra Valley, Dharwad, pp. 107–24.

Anonymous, 1971. Phallic Tree Worship, Bharat-Bharati, Varanasi

Ashton, P.S., 1988. ‘A Question of Sustainable Use’. In J.S. Denslow and C. Padock, eds., People of the Tropical Rain Forest, University of California Press, Berkeley

Bhat, P.G., 1979. ‘Pre-history of Coastal Karnataka’. Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Vol. 70, January-June; Nos. 1–2, pp. 86–96.

Bor, N.L., 1942. Some Remarks on Geology and Flora of the Naga and Khasi Hills’. 150th Anniversary Volume of the Royal Botanical Garden, Calcutta

Brandis, D., 1897. ‘Indigenous Indian forestry. Sacred groves’. Indian Forestry-Working.

Brosse, J., 1989. ‘The Sacred Tree’. The Courier, January 1989, pp. 4–9.

Buchanan, F., 1870. A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar, Vol. 2, Higginbotham and Co., Madras

Campbell, J.M., 1883, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. 15, (parts 1 & 2), Govt. Central Press, Bombay

Caratini, M., M. Fontugne, J.P. Pascal, C. Tissot and I. Bentaleb, 1991. ‘A Major Change at ca. 3500 years BP in the Vegetation of the Western Ghats in North Kanara Karnataka’. Current Science, Vol. 61 (Nos. 9 & 10), pp. 669–72.

Collins, G.F.S., 1922. ‘A Report on the General Condition of Forest Administration in Siddapur Taluka’. 15 June 1922, Forest Settlement Office, Karwar

Daniels, R.J.R., 1989. ‘A Conservation Strategy for the Birds of Uttara Kannada District’. Ph. D. thesis, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Down to Earth, 1994. The Spirit of the Sanctuary, Vol. 2, No. 17.

Eschmann, A., 1978. ‘Hinduization of Tribal Deities in Orissa’. In A. Eschmann et al., eds., The Sakta and Saiva Typology, Tripathy Publishers.

Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron, 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York

Frazer, J.G., 1935. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, 12 vols. Macmillan, New York

Gadgil, M., 1985. ‘Social Restraints on Resource Utilization: The Indian experience’. In J.A. McNeely and D. Pitt, eds., Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning, Croom Helm, Dublin

———, 1987. ‘Diversity, Cultural and Biological’. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,Vol. 2, No. 12, pp. 369–73

———, 1989. ‘Deforestation: Problems and Prospects’. Energy Environment Monitor, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 3–47

———, 1991. ‘Conserving India’s Biodiversity: The societal Context’. Evolutionary Trends in Plants, 5(1), pp.3–8

——— and K.C. Malhotra, 1983. ‘Adaptive Significance of the Indian Caste System: An Ecological Perspective’. Annals of Human Biology, 10, pp. 465–68

——— and R. Guha, 1992. This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India. Oxford University Press, Delhi

——— and P. Iyer 1989. ‘On the Diversification of Common Property Resource Use by the Indian Society’. In Berkes, ed., Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development, Belhaven Press, London

——— and M.D. Subash Chandran, 1988. ‘On the History of Uttara Kannada Forests’. In J. Dargavel, K. Dixon and N. Semple, eds., Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today’s Challenges in Asia, Australia and Oceania. Centre for Resources and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra

——— and M.D. Subash Chandran, 1989. ‘Environmental Impact of Forest Based Industries on the Evergreen Forests of Uttara Kannada District: A Case Study. Department of Ecology and Environment, Government of Karnataka

——— and M.D. Subash Chandran, 1992. ‘Sacred Groves’. In Geeti Sen, ed. Indigenous Vision, Peoples of India Attitudes to the Environment. India International Centre Quarterly, Spring-Summer 1992, pp. 183–87

——— and M.D. Subash Chandran, Unpublished ‘Ecological Studies in Siddapur Taluk’

——— and V.D. Vartak, 1975. ‘Sacred Groves of India: A Plea for Continued Conservation’. Journal of the Bombay Natural History, Society, 73; pp. 623–47

——— and V.D. Vartak, 1976. ‘The Sacred Groves of Western Ghats in India’. Economic Botany, 30, pp. 152–60

——— and V.D. Vartak, 1981. ‘Sacred Groves of Maharashtra: An Inventory’. In S.K. Jain, ed., Glimpses of Ethnobotany, Oxford University Press, Bombay.

Government of Bombay, 1923. Revenue Department Resolution No. 7211, May 1923

Hastings, J. 1934, ed. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 12, pp. 448–52

Huges, J.D. 1984. ‘Sacred Groves: The Gods, Forest Protection and Sustained Yield in the Ancient World’. In H.K. Steen, ed., History of Sustained Yield Forestry, Forest History Society, Durham

———, 1990. ‘Artemis: Goddess of Conservation’. Forest and Conservation History, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 191–97

———, 1990. Pan’s Travail: Environmental Problems of the Ancient Greeks and Romans Johns Hopkin’s University Press, Baltimore

Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908. Vol. 11. Henry Frowde, Oxford

Induchoodan, N.C., 1988. ‘Ecological Studies of a Sacred Grove (Iringole, near Perumbavoor)’. M. Sc. thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur

Joshi, N.V. and M. Gadgil, 1991. ‘On the Role of Refugia in Promoting Prudent Use of Biological Resources’. Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 40 No. 20, pp. 211–29

Kane, P.V. 1958, ed. History of Dharmasastra, Vol. 5 part I: "Vratas, Utsavas and Kala etc." Govt. of Oriental Series, Class B, No. 6, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona

Karve, I., 1974. Yuganta. The End of an Epoch. Sangam Books, Poona, and Orient Longman, New Delhi

Khazanov, A.M., 1986. Nomadism and the Outside World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Kosambi, D.D., 1970. The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline. Vikas Publishing House, Delhi

Krishnamurthy, K., 1960. Myristica Swamps in the evergreen forests of Travancore. Indian Forester, 86(5)

Little, P.D., and D.W. Brokensha, 1987. ‘Local Institutions, Tenure and Resource Management in East Africa’. In D. Anderson and R. Grove, eds., Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practices, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Malhotra, K.C., 1990. ‘Village Supply and Safety Forest in Mizoram: A Traditional Practice of Protecting Ecosystem’. Abstracts of V International Congress of Ecology, p. 439

Mansberger, J.R., 1988 ‘In Search of the Tree Spirit: Evolution of the Sacred Tree Ficus religiosa’. In J. Dargavel, K. Dixon and N. Semple, eds., Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today’s Challenges in Asia, Australasia and Oceania. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra

Michell, A., Y. de Fretes and M. Poffenberger, 1990 ‘Community Participation for Conservation Area Management in Cyclops Mountains, Irian Jaya, Indonesia’. In M. Poffenberger, ed., Keepers of the Forest: Land Management Alternatives in Southeast Asia, Kumarian Press, Connecticut

Mohanan, C.N. and N.C. Nair, 1981. ‘Kunstleria Prain — A New genus Record for India and a New Species in the Genus’. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, B-90, pp. 207–10.

Murton, B.J., unpublished. ‘Resource Processes and Regional Integration in Western Nepal’

Nachiyappan, N., 1988. ‘The Presiding Deity of Tirupparankundram’. Journal of Tamil Studies, 33, June 1988, pp. 11-19

Nair, N.C. and C.N. Mohanan, 1981. ‘On the Rediscovery of Four Threatened Species from the Sacred Groves of Kerala’. In Journ. Econ. Tax. Bot, 2, pp. 233–35

Nayar, P.K.B., 1987. Religion, Mythology and the Ecosystem. Department of Environment and Forests, Government of India

Pillai, N.V., 1939. ‘Sasta Cult in Travancore’. Is It a Relic of Buddhism?’. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3rd Session, pp. 230–49

Pillai, T.K.V., 1940. Travancore State Manual, Vol. I, Government of Travancore, Trivandrum

Pillai, V.R.P., 1986. Temple Culture of South India, Inter-India Publications, New Delhi

Radhakrishnan, S. 1949. The Hindu View of Life. George Allen and Unwin, London

Ramachandran, C., 1990. ‘The Forest, Our Divine Source’. Seminar on Ecology and Ancient India, 28 April, Institute of Oriental Study, Thane

Ramakrishnan, P.S., 1992. Shifting Agriculture and Sustainable Development’. MAB Series, Vol. 10, Unesco, Paris

Ramanayya, N.V., 1983. An Essay on the Origin of the South Indian Temple. Ramanand Vidya Bhavan, New Delhi

Rao, B.S.L.H., 1969. ‘Religion in Andhra’ Ph. D. thesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad

Rapson, E.J., 1935. The Cambridge History of India. Vol. I Ancient India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Risley, H., 1908. The People of India. Thacker Spink and Co.

Rodgers, W.A., unpublished. ‘Sacred Groves: Their Evolution’

Saletore, R.N., 1973. Early Indian Economic History. Tripathy and Sons, Bombay

Sastrapradja, S., 1988. ‘Perspective on Conservation in Indonesia’. In J.S. Denslow and C. Padock, eds., People of the Tropical Rain Forest, University of California Press, Berkeley

Shanmukhappa, G., 1966. Working Plan for the Unorganised Forests of Sirsi and Siddapur. Karnataka Forest Department, Bangalore.

Sontheimer, G.D., 1989. ‘Hinduism: The Five Components and Their Interaction’. In G.D. Sontheimer and H. Kulke, eds., Hinduism Reconsidered, Manohar Publishers, New Delhi

Shri Satyan, 1971, ed., Gazetteer of Coorg District, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.

Subash Chandran, M.D., 1992a. ‘Perceptions of Bhutas (Elements) in Oral Tradition of the Peasants of Uttara Kannada in South India’. Paper presented during Seminar on Perceptions of Bhutas (Elements) in Oral Traditions, 10–13 February 1992, Janapada Sampada, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts

———, 1992b. ‘Shifting Cultivation in the Western Ghats and the Conflicts in Colonial Forest Policy’. Paper Presented in the International Conference on the Environmental History of South East Asia.

———, 1993. ‘Vegetational Changes in the Evergreen Forest Belt of Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka State’. Ph.D. thesis, Karnataka University, Dharwad

———, 1990 and M Gadgil, 1993a. Kans — Safety Forests of Uttara Kannada’. Proceedings of the IUFRO: Forest History Group Meeting on Peasant Forestry, 2–5 September, Freiburg, Germany, No. 40, pp. 49–57

———, 1990., and M. Gadgil, 1993b. ‘State Forestry and Decline of Food Resources in the Tropical Forests of Uttara Kannada, Southern India’. In C.M. Hladik et al eds., Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development, Vol. 15, MAB Series, Unesco/Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris

Sankhala, K.S. and P. Jackson, 1985. ‘Peoples, Trees and Antelopes in the Indian Desert’. In J.A. McNeely and D. Pitt, eds., Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimensions in Environmenta Planning, Croom Helm, Dublin

Terborgh, J., 1986. ‘Keystone Plant Resources in the Tropical Forest’. M.E. Soule, ed., Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland

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Vannucci, M., 1992. ‘Tradition and Change’. In Geeti Sen, ed., Indigenous Vision: Peoples of India Attitudes to the Environment, Sage Publications and Indian International Centre, New Delhi

Wheller, J.T. and M. Macmillan, 1956. European Travellers in India, First Series, Sushil Gupta (India) Ltd., Calcutta

Wingate, R.T., 1888. ‘Settlement Proposals of 16 Villages of Kumta Taluk’. No. 210, December 1888, Forest Settlement Office, Karwar

Vaudeville, C., 1989. ‘Multiple Approaches to a Living Hindu Myth: The Lord of Govardhan Hill’. In G.D. Sontheimer and H. Kulke, eds., Hinduism Reconsidered, Manohar Publishers, Delhi

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